As one of common physical vectors, Musca domestica had an intimately relativity to both the environmental or psychological health and wellbeing of humans and animals. In this article, we provide both reviews of the active ingredients in botanical insecticides and clarifying the function mechanism of the active components. Moreover, the problems in research of botanical insecticides were analyzed in details. And a great prospect to exploit plant resources for development of botanical insecticides for controlling M. domestica were also discussed.

Objective The  source  of  noticeably  increased  blood  cells  in  third?instar  Musca domestica larvae  infected  with Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. Methods Changes in the total hemolymph counts (THC) of the third?instar M. domestica larvae infected with E. coli in 4, 8 and 16 h and those of the control group were followed and compared. A flow cytometry was used to identify the changes in the blood cell cycle of the third?instar larvae of each group before and after infection. Results The THCs in 4, 8 and 16 h after infection were significantly elevated compared with that in the control group. Peaking in 8 h after infection, the highest THC reached (38 920±2274)/μl. The blood cell proliferation index (PI) of the control group was 15.98%. After infection, the G2/M phase and S phase cells increased in each group with significantly increased PI values. Peaking in 4 h after infection, the highest PI value reached 44.34%. Conclusion The blood cells of M. domestica larvae have the ability to divide as a supplement to the hematopoietic function.

【Abstract】 Objective To observe the change of protein in the hemlymph and DNA and RNA in the tissue from the 3rd stage larva of Musca domestica  before and after diapause. To explore the biochemistry mechanism of M.domestica larvae diapause. Methods The diapause of  the 3rd stage larva of M.domestica  was inducted by low temperature.（1）The change of hemlymph protein in the diapause and the nondiapause groups were observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?SDS. （2） The RNA and DNA in the tissue of the diapause and the nondiapause groups were extracted and the contents were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results （1） The numbers of protein straps in the diapause groups  were similar to that in nondiapause group.But the content of the protein in the groups after diapause for 20 d was obviously higher than that in the  nondiapause group. The optical density value was 203 475.69 at 85 kd.（2）The DNA content in all diapause groups was much lower than that of nondiapause group. The RNA content obviously decreased after diapause for 10 d and 15 d, but it obviously increased after diapause for 20 d. The contents of RNA and DNA after diapause for 10 d and 15 d decreased to 0.598, 0.546 μg/mg, but they increased to 1.337 μg/mg  after  diapause for 20 d.   Conclusion Perhaps  there  was no diapause associated protein in diapause M.domestica larva. The decrease and increase of the proportion of RNA to DNA could be as the signal of beginning and ending of M.domestica larva diapause.

Objective To explore the influence of Escherichia coli infection on the activity of three enzymes in serum of the Musca domestica larva.Methods(1) The colorimetry was used to determine the activity of acidic phosphatase(ACP) and catalase(CAT) in the 3rd stage larva of M.domestica after infected by E.coli for different times,respectively.(2) PAGE was used to assay the activity of diphenol oxidase(DPO) in the 3rd stage larva after infection for different times.Results(1) The activities of both ACP and CAT in larvae serum were all much higher than that of the control after infection for 4,8,16 and 24 h( P<0.01),and the peak of two enzymes activity were at 8 h and 16 h after infection,which were(107.9±3.5)U/100 ml and(174.6±4.7)U/ml respectively,and then it gradually decreased.(2) DPO existed in the M.domestica larva,and its activity began to increase after infection for 4 h.The peak of enzyme activity appeared after infection for 16 h with the value of 98 805.39,and then it gradually decreased.Conclusion The activities of the ACP,CAT and DPO in serum of the 3rd stage larva of M.domestica enhanced after infected by E.coli,which suggested that three enzymes played an important defense role in the process of microorganism infection.

Objective The hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larva of Musca domestica were observed and classified with fluorescent staining methods and phase contrast microscope. Methods The hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larva of M.domestica were stained by acridine orange(AO) and propidium iodide(PI) and the morphologic characteristics were observed and classified. Results (1) The hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larvae of M.domestica were divided into prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte, sphrulocyte and oenocytoid. The plasmatocytes were divided into big nucleus hematocyte and micronucleus hematocyte. (2) The prohemocyte was easily identified with phase contrast microscope, but its character was not notable by fluorescent staining methods. (3) The granulocyte and big nucleus plasmatocyte, sphrulocyte and micronucleus plasmatocyte were confusable with phase contrast microscope, but they were easily distinguished with fluorescent microscope. Conclusion The fluorescent staining methods combined with phase contrast microscope can be used to observe unknown morphologic characterstics of the insect hemocytes, and the hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larva of M.domestica could be accurately divided into five types.

Objective To observe the antibacterial characterization and component of the antibacterial proteins in the Musca domestica larva by different inducements.Methods Several different bacteria were used as detecting index to detect the antibacterial activity of antibacterial proteins which is induced by five inducements.SDS-PAGE was used as detecting index to observe the proteins compared with the control group.Results These antibacterial proteins could inhabit many bacteria(including some Grame-positive,Grame-negative bacteria and rifampin resistant E.coli),but the antibacterial activities were different.The antibacterial proteins induced by five inducements had two same component compared with the control group,but their content were different,and different new proteins appeared at differernt induced group.Conclusion The antibacterial proteins of the Musca domestica larva by different inducements could inhibit diversiform bacteria.Different inducements could induce same proteins and different new proteins.

Objective To investigate the inducement of the antibactarial materal from the Musca domestica larvae to the A ₃₇₅ apoptosis to explore it is antitumor mechanism.Methods The effects of the antibactarial materal from the(M.domestica) larvae on the cell cycle and apoptosis of A ₃₇₅ were measured by flow cytometry.The morphology of apoptosis cells was observed with the hematoxylin-eosin stainings,and the apoptosis index(AI) was measured.Results Of the A ₃₇₅ cell cycle,percentage of G ₂/M was increased,and the percentage of S was decreased in the group treated by 0.10% the antibactarial material.The percentage of G ₀/G ₁,G ₂/M and AI/PI were much increased,both the percentage of S and PI were much decreased in the(0.50%) group.In the 2.50% groups,the percentage of S,PI,AI/PI and apoptosis were significantly increased,the percentage of G ₀/G ₁ was much decreased.At the 12.50% group,the percentage of G ₂/M,PI,AI/PI and apoptosis were significantly increased,the percentage of G ₀/G ₁ and S were much decreased.Conclusion The antibactarial materal of the M.domestica larvae could inhibited and killed the A ₃₇₅ cell.The growth of A ₃₇₅ may be inhibited by the antibactarial materal blocking cell cycle and inducing the apoptosis of cell.

Objective To compare antibacterial activity of antibacterial protein in the Musca domestica larvae by five inducements and observe the effect of the different inducements. Methods The M.domestica larvae were treated by S.aureus, E.coli,LPS,ultraviolet radistion and heat-shock. Antibacterial protein by five inducements were separated at different time,detected their antibacterial activity to observe the peak time of antibacterial activity by five inducements,and compared antibacterial activity at the peak of antibacterial protein by five inducements. Results The peak of antibacterial activity appeared at 36-48 hafter induced by four inducements (Because many M.domestica larvae pupated,we did not observe the peak of antibacterial activity by heat-shock). The antibacterial activity of antibacterial proteins by S.aureus was best,and the antibacterial activity of antibacterial proteins by heat-shock was better than control group. Conclusion The peak of antibacterial proteins by different inducements appeared at different time. The antibacterial activity of antibacterial proteins by injected bacteria was best,and heat-shock was also a better method.